Manifest Destiny America s Destiny - 1188 Words

Manifest Destiny was the idea that it was America’s destiny to spread across the entire continent of North America. It was started by a group of expansionist called the Young American Movement and they were affiliated with the Democratic Party. By their idea, America was able to double its size and obtain new land from Mexico and Britain. However, this also caused pain to the Native Americans. In the end, America obtained new land, and its people achieved what they believed to be their God given right to expand and move west. The idea of moving West started in the mid-nineteenth century. Editor Horace Greely said â€Å"Go west, young man† which encouraged many people to move west. The Journey Westward was hard on many families. They were being uprooted and leaving their homes. They sold their farms and homes in the east and packed wagons with enough supplies to travel for about 6 months. In 1869 alone, an estimated 50,000 people migrated to the new territory. Many women felt that their husbands were on â€Å"a wild goose chase† and could not understand why they were being moved to this land. The women that were being moved were not the only people who suffered. The Native Americans that were living in the westward land suffered hardship because of the people of America moving west. This caused the American Government to create a permanent Indian frontier to help protect the natives. It was located roughly were Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas. But this did not stop the whites as theyShow MoreRelatedManifest Destiny Of The United States1202 Words   |  5 PagesManifest destiny is one of the beliefs that existed in the United States. The latter stated belief claimed that, the settlers based in America were allowed to spread all over the continent. However, historians came into an agreement that three themes exist in relation to manifest destiny, and this include: the America’s special virtue and their institutions; America’s missi on that aimed at redeeming and rebuilding the western part as per the agrarian America, and a destiny that will enhance theRead MoreThere Were Different Researches Done To Show What Caused1059 Words   |  5 PagesThere were different researches done to show what caused the Mexican War. Some say America and others say Mexico themselves. There has been some insight by Ramà ³n Eduardo Ruiz, David J. Weber, Rodolfo Acuà ±a, and Walter Nugent. From Ramà ³n Eduardo Ruiz’s article, there are mentions of the Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny played a role in the New World and in Mexico. In â€Å"’From Hell Itself’ The Americanization of Mexico’s Frontier† by David J. Weber, talks about the issues within Mexico that causedRead MoreManifest Destiny Essays694 Words   |  3 PagesManifest Destiny took place in the US in the mid-1800. Manifest Destiny was used among the Americans in the 1840’s as a defense for U.S. territorial expansion. It is t he presumption that God had destined the American people to at divine mission of American movement and conquest in the name of Christianity and democracy. In order to understand manifest destiny we must first find its’ origin. John O’Sullivan first initiated manifest destiny into America in 1845. This New York editor wrote the phraseRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesexpand west to the Pacific Ocean, Manifest Destiny would become one of the most influential ideologies in American history (Greenberg 3). This belief of the settlers aided in the westward expansion of the nation’s boundaries through the removal of the Native Americans who had inhabited the western lands for generations and in some cases centuries; and with a war with Mexico in which we gained territory in Texas, the southwest and California. The idea of Manifest Destiny was first introduced into theRead MoreManifest Destiny By James K. Polk1257 Words   |  6 PagesJack Biernesser Mr. Schulten U.S. History 16 March 2016 Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny is the belief during the 19th century, that the United States of America not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. The idea of Manifest Destiny helped to fuel the war with Mexico and the removal of Indians from the United States. The American people and government lived by this belief. Manifest Destiny had many good results like the expansion of the American territory. It also had manyRead MoreThe Expansion Of The United States1078 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution did not have any thing that supported this idea. Although, the Louisiana Purchase showed Jefferson s ability to make a logical political decision, it was opposed by Federalists who questioned the purchase and his ability. They were oblivious to the fact that United States was going to become powerful and progress with growth. United States expansion was a fulfillment of manifest destiny because the U.S. was obligated to spread and so it was necessary, inevitable and desirable tha t the AmericansRead MoreManifest Destiny And American Territorial Expansion Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesland east of the Mississippi River, coupled with the knowledge that there was an abundance of land for new settlement west of the river, led to the ideology of expansionism; the ideology became simply known as Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny and American Territorial Expansion, written by Amy S. Greenburg, deeply explains the motivation of the individuals looking to expand their settlements westward. Since the time of publication, we have realized that we could have handled the situation, in whichRead MoreManifest Destiny1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution Of Transportation Manifest Destiny was a widely spread belief that settlers in the United States should expand across North America. It was the belief that fueled the westward expansion. The westward expansion led to many other events in and around the United States. Before Manifest Destiny and the westward expansion the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War took place which allowed America to declare independence. Manifest Destiny was a big influence on the evolution of transportRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase, The Oregon Treaty, And The California Gold Rush948 Words   |  4 PagesThere were many important events that helped to achieve the goal of Manifest Destiny. For example, the Louisiana Purchase, the Oregon Treaty, and the California Gold Rush all helped achieve this goal. All of these events had either increased the amount of land in the United States, or increased the population of people living in Western United States. One event that occurred during the time of Manifest Destiny was the Louisiana Purchase. In the early 1800s, President Thomas Jefferson wanted toRead MoreManifest Destiny Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesManifest Destiny affect on Modern United States During the mid 1800’s America was at a peak of nationalism, which involved their religious beliefs. Manifest destiny describes the attitude of a white man in America during the 19th century, involving their desire for evangelization, white supremacy, and westward expansion. To a majority of the Americans, manifest destiny was a proud accomplishment they would be faced with. Manifest destiny had a negative impact on the Native Americans, however, it

A Long Distance Relationship Is A Thought That Makes Most...

A long distance relationship is a thought that makes most couples cringe. The thought of being miles upon miles away is something that can make people question the strength of their relationship. However, this trend of long distance is something that is becoming more and more common with the advancement of technology such as video chatting sources like Facetime or Skype. This trend is something I’ve personally noticed many college students, especially freshmen, experiencing. They have their high school sweetheart that is suddenly moving miles away to another college. They do not know how to handle it but, of course, they try and make it work. I am much like all these people except I never had the experience of living close to my significant other. We’ve always been miles apart, seven hundred and seventy-eight to be exact. And even though it has its hard times, it always seems worth it when we’re together. I am by no means an expert, but I am hoping that through m y experiences, I can inspire someone to try and make it work. What I’ve figured out is how important communication is. It is so important to communicate everything. If something he or she does makes you uncomfortable, let him know. If he says the sweetest thing in the world to you and it makes your heart melt, let him know. By keeping things bottled up in your head, its just going to make you frustrated, upset, and most likely, hurt. Long distance relationships are so complicated. There is no set formula to them.Show MoreRelatedThe Car Ride Dichotomy Essay1915 Words   |  8 Pageslooked at him expectantly. When he realized she didnt actually knew where he lived, he quickly told her his address. He also gave her the opportunity to drop him off wherever she wanted, not knowing how much of a detour the detective would have to make to take him to his place. Its ok She said, thinking that it was probably going to be a fast trip because It wasnt too far by car. She started driving, thinking about the best route to arrive as fast as they could to his place. She was well awareRead MoreChapter Notes On Dear Diary 11908 Words   |  48 Pagesslammed shut. I picked up the garbage bag. I left the front of the house, down the narrow walkway to the sidewalk. He kicked me out. I never thought it would happen. He threatened it, before. But this time he actually did it. He never told me he was disappointed in me. He never even asked for the money back. He didn’t even consider where I would go. No one ever thought about my feelings. And they all wondered why I was the way I was. Why I do the things, I do. I made it to the park; the school I use toRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pagesour understanding! Geez, there were many names given to these undead. Some called them demons, others called them lost souls. With all these names, I found only one that was truly worthy; Zombies. It was a simple word. At the same time it was the most complicated word to enter any human language. I mean just think about it... You say that word to anyone before the outbreak and what would they think of? They would, think of those horror movies or comic books where, for no reason what so ever, zombiesRead MoreChristianity as a Unifying Influence in the History of Europe6059 Words   |  25 PagesChristianity as a Unifying Influence in the History of Europe Europe was a Christian creation, not only in essence but in minute detail The above statement can perhaps best sum up the relationship between Christianity and Europe throughout the ages. Christianity has been the strongest single influence in the history of Europe. Regardless of the century, no discussion would be complete without reference being made, at least in small part, to the Church. It is true that in recent centuriesRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pagesor requirements of a project) #8. Lack of Monitoring of Plan #9. Absence of a Project Management Methodology #10. Simple BAD LUCK :) You may feel free to chose any of the above and/or add a cause from your own experience that you think is the most recurring reason for project failure. Looking forward to sharing learning. [Mathew@PM4K] @ http://www.anishmathaimathew.blogspot.com Karl Kerr Project Planner at Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems UK Limited Anish, Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual

Waste Dumpsite and Proximity to Residential Apartments Free Essays

Close proximity of waste dump sites to residential properties and its effects on valuation Value Is defined as an amount expressed In medium of exchange that Is thought to be a fair exchange for something or the adequate or satisfactory return on or recompense for a commodity. According to experts, the worth of such exchange Is its market value. This provides the principal yardstick for measuring the worth of properties and other similar commodities. We will write a custom essay sample on Waste Dumpsite and Proximity to Residential Apartments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Environmental characteristics which are manifested in the form of pull and push effect of the neighborhood, have the push effects characterized by proliferation of squatter settlements, air and water pollution, squalid condition of environmental sanitation, and breakdown of waste disposal arrangement while the pull effect could be good roads, schools etc. When properties are in close proximity to environmental factors which could lead to push effects like waste dump sites, they demand special assessment on the part of the Estate Surveyors and Values Lowell Belle, an expert has said. Although improper solid asset disposal Is hazardous to health, It also affects the value of the properties around the waste. This problem x-rays the plight of many who out of desperation to get shelter, live under such Inconvenient conditions even at ridiculous rates. The question therefore is: what techniques do the average Nigerian valued adopt in valuing properties close to waste dump sites? Are the techniques different from those used in properties not close to dump site or any environmental hazards? There is no gainsaying that the problem of waste management across the country as reached an alarming state. Waste dumps continually have effect on the values of the properties in the areas where they are located and the adverse effect of this waste on property values in cannot be overstressed. Some factors usually considered in placing values on residential properties include infrastructure facilities such as water, electricity and good drainage channel; not excluding also excellent road network, free flow of traffic; location and waste disposal management. Improper waste management poses a serious health hazard to people living around he wastes as the disposal sites carry along rodents, Insects and other vermin, which could transmit diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea, cholera among others. In a valuation bid, the value of a landed interest is estimated by assessing the possible monetary worth a potential buyer would place on a property with respect to its features and other environmental factors which could act as price facilitators or otherwise. For instance, persons familiar with Jota and its environs can attest to the fact that the environment reeks of horrid smells that stem from the burning of peps of refuse at the dump site. Day after day, passersby, motorists all complain bitterly about this environmental mess. However, mostly affected are the residents of the area who apparently have resigned to fate. A particular resident who spoke to Property Index anonymously, said whenever refuse Is burnt at the dump site , their houses are usually covered In smoke. Adding that not all residents have the luxury to own air-conditioning units hence the need to open the windows to allow ‘fresh oaf respiratory system. Location features such as this have to an extent, played down on the estimated market value of properties in close proximity to such dump site as this. In 2008, researchers used various research methods to determine the effect of waste dump sites on property values in Luscious neighborhood Jota and it was found that property values increase with distance away from dumpiest. In same vein, a research was conducted on the willingness of residents to pay for environmental amenities such as waste water disposal, electricity supplies and neighborhood roads at Azure in Undo State. The study identified households’ income, distance away from the refuse dump site as one of the major factors that influenced household’s willingness to pay for better environmental services. It recommended diligent consideration in the location of dump sites and adoption of Public-Private Initiative in the provision of public infrastructure. The study also established that real estate values are readily influenced by residents’ willingness to pay for both structural as well as neighborhood characteristics where the real estate is located. In closing, hen properly examined, the environmental problems experienced by occupants of properties close to waste dump sites and the value of their properties is an issue of great economic concern cutting across not only Lagos metropolis but other states of the federation. This menacing situation would only repel rather than attract potential buyers/tenants and also reduce the worth of such properties . If the usefulness and value for money are issues to go by and chief among the factors considered in valuating property is location, then it may not be out of place to assert hat close proximity of dump sites to properties is not the best for the discerning real estate investor who is serious about making it big in the industry. While location may Just be one of the important factors to consider, it is however not all that matters. However, in this case, health is concerned and the average Nigerian does not take issues bordering on health with levity. Thus, the business of housing in such areas may be a thing of the past soon if the unseemly situation of improper waste management is left unabated. How to cite Waste Dumpsite and Proximity to Residential Apartments, Papers

Classification of Gangs free essay sample

The problem of classifying gangs has interested both sociologists and law enforcement. For the purpose of law enforcement, a gang is generally defined as an organized group among the members of which there is well-designed communication. This paper evaluates classification schemes from current research for gangs. The objective is to discover the issues and problems in creating classifications for gangs including a definition which delineates what constitutes a gang and differentiates it from other social and sports groups. The paper also compares approaches to classifications of gangs and evaluates how these classifications provide specific insights or information about gangs in a community. Discussion In order to evaluate classification of gangs, the foremost task is to determine difference between a gang and a team. A team is a group of individuals who partners for a common (Egan Beadman, 2011). The concept of team is mainly used in organization and sports to describe a group of people working or playing together. We will write a custom essay sample on Classification of Gangs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A team is rather formal, structured and has the following three characteristics: i.  the team members know: each member has a role and tasks defined; ii. team members are interdependent ; iii. teams have set a schedule and terms clear From a sociological point of view, a team needs to meet at regular intervals. As an illustration, the frequency of business meetings may be daily or bi-weekly in teams of sales. On the other hand, researches like Decker Curry (2002) define a gang as a group of individuals sharing a common culture and common values, caused by their association and the social and urban areas where they live. One of their characteristics is their readiness to use violence against other gangs or almost anyone (Pyrooz Decker, 2011). They engage in criminal activities and peer recognition is carried out through incarceration and socialization through the norms in the gang. A gang is different from other social sports in that gang members are inclined towards criminal activity. This group of gangs is more advanced, and whenever provoked they retaliate. They are commonly found in US- Mexico border. Classification approaches towards gangs are generally carried out  according to the structure of the gang, their respective membership, and even on the basis of their ethnicity. Pyrooz Decker, (2011) have identified three forms of gangs which are named as; street gangs, outlaw motorcycle gangs and prison gangs. In this method of classification, local street gangs are termed as the ones which occur most frequently at the community level. These are the forms of gangs which engage in drug related crimes and violence. According to Pyrooz Decker, (2011), majority of street gangs are inherently based at local level and they tend to operate in single locations. Prison gangs are described as those whose networks are structured to a high degree and they tend to operate within prison systems. In addition, members of these gangs are the ones who have been released from prison (Hegemann, Smith, Barbaro, 2011). With respect to law enforcement, these gangs are the most challenging to deal with. Membership of prison gangs is usually composed of fewer than fifty members. Another approach towards classification of gangs is carried out according to the life of the gangs. These gangs are termed as scavenger gangs, territorial gangs and organized gangs. Scavenger gangs have little structure and their size is also small. School gangs are one frequently found instance of scavenger gangs. Their ethnic composition is multi-ethnic and the age of members is mostly in teens (Hegemann, Smith, Barbaro, 2011). Their confrontation is generally with rival school gangs or other gangs in the territory. Having no specified objective, some of the activities of such gangs are anti-social. In comparison, territorial gangs are characterized by a specified territory demarcated by the control of the gang. These gangs tend to carry out illegal activities for monetary purpose and are very particular about protection of their territory from any rivalry or threat. Organized gangs, on the other hand, are lead by a strong leadership and tend to be highly structural in nature. Promotion takes place within the gangs on the basis of one’s performance. Conclusion The paper discussed classification of gangs and classification schemes from current research for gangs. The objective was to discover the issues and problems in creating classifications for gangs including a definition which delineates what constitutes a gang and differentiates it from teams. The paper also compared approaches to classifications of gangs. It is concluded that gangs are classified according to the structure of the gang, their respective membership, and even on the basis of their ethnicity. These classifications are found to be highly useful with respect to devising strategies for dealing with them.

Helping Remedies free essay sample

When my mom told me, all I could do was lie paralyzed on the couch. I immediately donned a veil of anger and hurt. Her news hit me like lightning—hard and fast. I didn’t even attempt to fight or conceal the tears which collected in my eyes because I wanted her to see that I was furious. Shock and confusion welled up inside me also. She had offered our home as a temporary living place to my cousin and her girlfriend. In my eyes, it was a catastrophe waiting to happen. My cousin’s girlfriend and I were polar opposites. We mixed about as well as oil and water. The nicest thing we had ever said to each other was probably the word â€Å"hi† when we were introduced. We had clashing beliefs, disagreed on almost everything, and tried to make the other look bad when the opportunity presented itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Helping Remedies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She had not worked in more than a year, believed her race was superior to all others, and had a tendency to say, â€Å"I was like, ‘WOW,’† after every statement. These are just a few of the reasons a gap existed in our relationship. My mom was the person most familiar with my dislike of her. So that day on the couch, I reminded her of my distaste by not holding back and supporting her decision like I normally would have. I let my emotions and frustrations out and hoped it would change her mind. A puppy’s whining and begging would’ve been pathetic compared to my performance, but she still didn’t change her mind. I took a different approach and began demanding. I argued that they were without a home for a reason and were taking advantage of us. I told her if she let them stay I would like myself in my room as if it were a dungeon. That’s how I would feel: like a prisoner in my own home. My unreasonable demands did nothing for me. She still didn’t change her mind. I changed tactics and attempted pleading once more—still no progress. She knew she was asking for the impossible and defended herself by explaining that they were family in need, and that someday we might be in need of their help. And most importantly, she said, it was the right thing to do. As she spoke, I thought back to when my mom, a single mother of two kids, didn’t possess a job, an education, or even enough money to buy an iPod. She was trying to find a home for us to live in. Not only did it make my skin clammy, but it made me feel ashamed for the way I’d acted. I interrupted my mom in the middle of her sentence to tell her that I accepted her decision. I survived those 13 days of living with my cousin and her girlfriend, despite the fighting over the shower and the last bowl of Honey Nut Cheerios. Now I’m faced with a new dilemma: deciding what I want to do with my life. Unlike some, I don’t know every detail about the job I want to pursue but I’m not completely clueless either. I haven’t chosen a specific career, but I know I want to help others just like my mom helped my cousin. My mom taught me how to be selfless and caring, even to those who don’t always seem like they deserve it. She demonstrated that helping is like giving a gift—you don’t give one to receive one in return. Helping is about giving someone a chance. Ultimately, my mom taught me that help can be given in even the most impossible situations.

12 Reaction Essay Topics on Social Stratification

12 Reaction Essay Topics on Social Stratification If you are writing a reaction paper on the topic of social stratification, consider the facts listed below: Social stratification refers to the categorization of people based upon occupation, income, wealth, social status, and power derived from social and political means. Stratification is the relative social position of people within different categories, different social units, or different geographic regions. In modern society the use of social stratification has distinguished people into one of three classes. The first is the upper-class, followed by the middle class, followed by the lower class. All three of these classes are subdivided further into the upper part of the upper class, the lower part of the upper class, the upper part of the middle class, the lower part of the middle class, the upper part of the lower class, and the lower part of the lower class. In addition to this Western society divides people socially on the basis of kinship. The categorization of people based on social standing ranges from complex categories state-based societies all the way to tribal societies based upon classes of nobility and peasants.   Historically hunter-gatherer societies were not socially stratified but rather, stratification started with agriculture when social exchange became commonplace. The structures which create social stratification come from inequalities between individuals and the degree of social inequality is what determines the stratum.   The greater social complexity there is for a particular society, the more social strata exists. Social stratification has been used within social science to describe the relative position of an individual or a group of people within a social group, within a specific category, within a geographical region, or within a social unit. The word derives from Latin and refers to the categorization of people based on socioeconomic tiers.   The divide between different people is based upon aspects such as income, occupation, power, social status, and wealth. The concept of social stratification has been interpreted differently within the social sciences. Within the field of Sociology those who support Action Theory suggest that social stratification can be found in all developed societies but those who support dominance hierarchy state that it is necessary in a developed Society in order to maintain stability and order. Conflict theories like that of Marxism focus on the inaccessibility of resources and therefore the complete lack of social Mobility which can be found in any society divided on strata. Sociological theorists have criticized modern strata, particularly the socio-economic divide, between the wealthy and lower classes, with a great deal of emphasis placed on the diminishing middle class and the ability of the wealthy to hold political power used to exploiting the laboring classes. Some sociologists maintain that social order and stability in Western societies is regulated by Universal values. These values are not necessarily identical with a consensus but they are the foundation which serves to ignite social conflict throughout history. In fact, societies with larger middle classes have more educated workforces and have more technology-based economies. Some proponents of Dependency Theory state that globalization has influenced the status of third-world individuals. There are four key principles which underlie social stratification. The first principle is that social stratification is defined as the property of a society and not individuals in a society. The second is that such stratification can be reproduced from one generation to the next. The third underlying principle is that social stratification can be found in each society but it differs based on time and place to some degree.   The fourth underlying principle is that social stratification does not simply cover quantitative inequality with regard to wealth but also quantitative beliefs and different attitudes about social status. Social stratification is not found only in complex societies even though all complex societies do have some proponents and features of stratification. In more complex societies the total amount of valued goods is not distributed equally. Instead, those families to our privilege will enjoy a higher amount of valued resources, power, and income. In some cases the term stratification system refers to the social relationships observed in such inequalities. The key components to a stratification system include a social process which defines those goods which have value and desire, create the rules for allocating those goods two different positions among the division of labor, and social mobility exist as a link between individuals and different positions they assume. Social Mobility refers to the movement of social groups, people, or individuals between different strata. This movement can take place within one generation or it can take place between two or more generations. Social mobility is intended to classify various systems of social stratification. Systems which are allow for more mobility between the different strata with value placed upon the achieved status of each individual. Societies which have mobility within a single generation are considered to be the most open of social systems with the highest level of flexibility. Systems which have limited or no mobility even across two or more generations are considered closed stratification systems. In India, for example, the caste system places individuals within a particular social strata from birth and do not allow mobility across multiple generations. There are different theories of stratification historically speaking. Karl Marx founded Marxist theory which divides the economy into two main sections and follows the relationship between the employer and the employee. This theory focuses on how social class is determined by the relationship an individual has to production. Another theory of stratification was created by Max Weber. Max Weber was influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx but rejected communism as it related to social stratification. He is well-known for his three component theory of stratification which divides people into four main social classes including the upper class, white collar workers, the petite bourgeoisie, and the working class.   This particular theory is the one which most closely resembles modern Western class structure. We hope you enjoyed these facts on social stratification for a reaction paper. Take a look at our 10 selected sub-topics on the subject as well as instructive guide that will provide a high value to you. References: Behtoui, Alireza. Social Capital And Stratification Of Young People.  SI  1.1 (2013): 46. Web. Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth. Welfare States And Social Inequality: Key Issues In Contemporary Cross-National Research On Social Stratification And Mobility.  Research in Social Stratification and Mobility  24.4 (2006): 333-351. Web. Bottero, Wendy.  Stratification. London: Routledge, 2005. Print. Chan, Kwok B et al.  Social Stratification In Chinese Societies. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Print. Esping-Andersen, Gà ¸sta. UNTYING THE GORDIAN KNOT OF SOCIAL INHERITANCE. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility  21 (2004): 115-138. Web. Littlejohn, James.  Social Stratification. London: Allen and Unwin, 1972. Print. Owen, Carol.  Social Stratification. London: Routledge K. Paul, 1968. Print. Schubert, Frank and Rolf Becker. Social Inequality Of Reading Literacy.  Research in Social Stratification and Mobility  28.1 (2010): 109-133. Web. Woelfel, Joseph and Monica Murero. SPACES AND NETWORKS: CONCEPTS FOR SOCIAL STRATIFICATION.  Research in Social Stratification and Mobility  22 (2004): 57-71. Web.

Critically evaluate the evidence that Piaget underestimated childrens Essay

Critically evaluate the evidence that Piaget underestimated childrens abilities in the pre-operational stage - Essay Example This stage of development lasts from age two to six. Critics have stated that Piaget underestimated children’s abilities in the pre-operational stage and this is based mainly on the following grounds (a) the child in the pre-operational stage is unable to conserve the relationship between the different dimensions of an event (b) Piaget’s theory held that children in the preoperational stage may be unable to understand object permanence (c) Piaget has underestimated the ability of children to see the world from another person’s viewpoint and referred to this as egocentrism. One of Piaget’s major findings about the pre-operational stage was that children cannot conserve different dimensions of an event. For example, when a piece of clay is molded into two different shapes, the child is unable to understand that although the shape is different, the piece is essentially the same.(Salkind, 2004, pp 249). However, in experiments conducted by Wynn (1992), on five month old infants, the findings appear to suggest that infants may even be able to calculate results for simple arithmetic operations on a small number of items. Human beings may therefore possess innate arithmetical abilities. Similarly, Xu and Spelke (2000) have also shown that when extraneous variables are controlled, infants are able to discriminate between large sets of objects on the basis of numerosity. This suggests that Piaget’s findings may be lacking in some aspects. Piaget appears to have underestimated the timing of development of children’s abilities and one example of a cognitive defect attributed to the pre-operational stage is the inability to comprehend object permanence, i.e, that an object continues to exist even when it is moved out of sight.(Hetherington and Parke, 2003). In examining object permanence, Piaget concluded from his observations that young children appear to view objects as ephemeral entities which are constantly made and unmade

Business ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Business ethics - Research Paper Example The alternative is a possibility of traits that are long. Various different traits from successful leaders and leadership positions are identified, and the descriptions are generalities. The focus allows for agreements on the traits with most relevance to effective leadership and theory complexity (Crane & Matten, 2007). In this case, the theory has implications on Robert Nardelli’s approach to leadership. Trait theory awards constructive information on leadership. The focus applies to people across levels from distinct forms of organizations. Management utilizes such information within the theory in evaluating their focus in the organization as well as assessing how the position could be strengthened in the firm (Brenkert & Beauchamp, 2012). Robert Nardelli’s traits include characteristics such as physical vitality and stamina as well as action-oriented and intelligence judgment. It is impactful to have eagerness in accepting responsibility and enhancing task competence. Robert Nardelli shows an understanding of the company stakeholders, followers, and respective needs (OSullivan, Smith & Esposito, 2012). Top management involves skill derived from people and necessary achievement of capacity in the motivation of people. Robert Nardelli showed courage and resolution through trustworthiness and decisiveness in outcomes. Nardelli displayed features of assertiveness, self-confidence, adaptability and flexibility (Crane & Matten, 2007). Contingency/Situational leadership theory concerns the context to which applied leadership is unaccounted for based on Behavioral and Traits theories. Robert Nardelli’s focus is to the situational variables where he modified his leadership styles to personal characteristics and context of a current situation (Baack, 2012). Proponents of the theory add that effective leadership identifies when to adapt their personal characteristics for

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Business ethics - Essay Example Most of the organizations have defined formal corporate ethics because most of the decisions of organizations are influenced by ethical issues. The employees feel very comfortable when a predefined corporate ethical is present in the organization because they get a clear understanding of what is right and what is wrong. The compliance of employees to corporate ethics is usually ensured by organizations by setting a formal corporate ethics program. Organizations have developed different programs and procedures to enhance the compliance to corporate ethics. For example, at TEPCO, there is a Corporate Ethics Committee consisting of top management, which work closely with ethical lines and establish corporate ethics carefully.1 The diagram (Appendix I) shows that once the corporate ethical conduct is formulated at top management level of TEPCO, it is promoted through incorporating the norms into culture and by revising the regulations and manuals. Moreover, through formal training programs and continuous monitoring, the compliance to corporate ethics is ensured. In this way, formal regulations and cultural norms strengthen the values, thereby, ensuring corporate ethical norms at TEPCO. There are some ethical guidelines, which are defined to develop corporate ethics programs. The ethical guidelines are the guidelines that are established to oversee what is suitable within the quest of specific objectives such as guidelines published by BPS (ITS, 2009). The ethical guidelines of companies usually differ and tend to be more specific. For example, American Mathematical Society has defined few ethical guidelines, which can be categorized into four sections including ethical guidelines related to mathematical research and its presentation, social responsibility of mathematicians, education and granting of degrees and ethical

Christian Dior: History and Analysis

Christian Dior: History and Analysis I chose the topic of Christian Dior and John Galliano because fashion has always interested me. Dior is one of the most well known luxury fashion brands in the world. I was really interested to see what effect the influence of a new designer had on the fashion house. I was interested to see how the designs had changed from the Christian Dior era of 1947-1957 to the present day, this will be addressed in the second and third chapters of this dissertation. I feel that this is a good topic for a dissertation because I have not been able to find an example of this study before. This means that I will compile information into a new study. The first chapter will address the history of Christian Dior, where he came from, how he started life as a designer, how he managed to get a backer for his fashion house and how well his house was managed up until his death. The second chapter will address the New Look and the branding and marketing of that era. It will focus on the reaction of the new look, how it was branded and who it was marketed to. Also this chapter will look at the typical client of Dior at the time of his success. The third chapter will address the history of John Galliano and his time at Dior, from when he was first appointed head designer to the present day. It will look at his background, his design history and how he has changed the way Dior is perceived. The fourth chapter will look at how Galliano has changed the branding and marketing of the Dior house. It will focus on how Dior has remained one of the worlds top fashion houses, who Dior is marketed to and how it is branded. All of this will show how Galliano has changed Dior. I have decided to organise my dissertation into two halves. The first two chapters will discuss the house of Dior when Christian Dior was alive. The third and fourth chapters will analyse the house of Dior with John Galliano as head designer. My aims and objectives for this dissertation are as follows; To compare how designs have changed from the New Look to the present day How Galliano has affected the house of Dior How the branding and marketing of the fashion house has changed from when Dior was alive to the present day All of these points will be kept in mind when writing the dissertation, to make sure that the research used is relevant to the topic. Chapter 1: A History of Dior Christian Dior was born on 31st January 1905 in the Normandy town Granville. At the age of five, Dior and his family moved to Paris (Design Museum n.d). To please his father he enrolled in the world renowned school, Ecole des Sciences Politiques, in hope that he would go on to have a career in politics. However he wanted to pursue a career in art or design (Design Museum n.d). In 1927, after his obligatory military service Dior decided to open an art gallery and with the help of his father he succeeded in doing so (Stegemeyer 1980:22). In 1935, after a one year stay in the south of France to recover from illness, he returned to Paris and tried to find a job but to no avail (Stegemeyer 1980:22). He started to create design sketches in his spare time and eventually he managed to find employment with Le Figaro working on fashion illustrations (Stegemeyer 1980:22). He was able to sell some of his designs to fashion houses. The most popular designs turned out to be his hat designs, although his dream was to sell dress designs (Stegemeyer 1980:22). He perfected his designs and was able to sell some of them to renowned designer Robert Piguet (Stegemeyer 1980:22). Piguet was impressed with his work and commissioned Dior to make a number of his dresses for one of his upcoming shows (Stegemeyer 1980:22). He was later hired as a designer. However, his job was to be put on hold when he was called back to the military when the Second World War began (Stegemeyer 1980:22). Robert Piguet asked Dior to come back and work for him af ter the fall of Paris (Stegemeyer 1980:22). Dior declined the offer and stayed in the south of France until the end of 1941. This turned out to be a bad decision because when he returned to Paris there was already a new designer in his place (Stegemeyer 1980:22). Once he learnt of this he found employment with the larger fashion house of Lucien Lelong (Stegemeyer 1980:22). He was still with the Lelong house when Paris was liberated in 1944 (Stegemeyer 1980:22). Christian Dior was introduced to a financier called Marcel Boussac in 1945 (Stegemeyer 1980:22). Boussac was a very powerful man who owned a number of textile mills, newspapers and racing stables (Design Museum n.d.). Boussac also owned the couture house, Philippe et Gaston, which was failing (Design Museum n.d). He was looking for someone to take control of the fashion house and thought that Dior would be the right person to do this (Stegemeyer 1980:22). However, Dior had other ideas; he wanted to start his own fashion house and decided that Boussac was the right person to help him achieve this goal (Stegemeyer 1980:22). Once Boussac had heard of Diors ambitions he decided to back him and Dior left Lelong in 1946 (Stegemeyer 1980:22). It made sense for Dior to work with Boussac, whose nickname was the King of Cotton, because the ideas that Dior had been discussing meant that he needed access to a large amount of fabric. The new fashion house was opened with a budget of 60 million Francs (Design Museum n.d). A civil servant called, Jacques Rouà «t was given the job of administrator of the fashion house (Design Museum n.d). Christian Dior presented his first collection, Corolla, in 1947 (Cawthorne 1996:109). The collection was a much more successful than anyone had thought. It was a revolutionary collection that will be discussed further on in this dissertation. At the time that the collection was presented there were a number of strikes occurring in the French newspaper and magazine industry (Cawthorne 1996:109). This lack of opportunity for publicity made it more difficult for Dior to become recognised as a top designer. Another problem that Dior encountered was that the majority of American buyers and journalists had already returned to the United States after seeing the designers that they wanted to see (Cawthorne 1996:109). One American editor remained, Carmel Snow of Harpers Bazaar and went to see Diors fashion show. She declared that Corolla was revolutionary with a New Look. She is known to have said to Dior Its quite a revolution, dear Christian. Your dresses have such a new look. (Cawthorne 1996:109) A worker from Life magazine overheard what Snow had said and published work about the New Look. This name stuck and has been know as this since then. After the success of Diors first collection Jacques Rouà «t started to look into other ways of making money. He found that other fashion houses, such as Chanel, had branched out into other areas of fashion, for example, perfume and hosiery (Design Museum n.d). He realised that in order to become more successful and world renowned, Dior needed to make products that could be sold around the world. He opened a shop on New Yorks Fifth Avenue, which was a fur subsidiary and a ready to wear boutique (Design Museum). He also launched Diors first perfume, Miss Dior, with the American market in mind (Design Museum n.d). When Dior saw what Rouà «t was doing, it brought his commercial aptitude to light (Design Museum n.d). This was evident when an American company wanted to buy the rights to manufacture Diors stockings. They offered Rouà «t $10 000, but Dior did not want this (Design Museum n.d). He said that he would rather have a percentage of the sales of the stockings and in turn he would waive the fee for the rights (Design Museum n.d). The Dior couture house was probably the best run house in Paris at that time; the only other competitors were Pierre Balmain and Cristobà ¡l Balenciaga (Design Museum n.d). The reason that Diors house was so well run was due to the people that worked for him (Design Museum n.d). There were five very important people who worked for Dior, the person who ran his studio, Raymonde Zehnmacker, his chief stylist and hat designer, Mitza Bricard and the person who was in charge of the workrooms, Marguerite Carrà © (Design Museum n.d). These people along with Jacques Rouà «t and Suzanne Luling enabled the Dior brand to be run efficiently (Design Museum n.d). This shows that the people behind the scenes are just as important as the designer (Design Museum n.d). Without them the Dior brand would have struggled to get the acclaim that it has today. Twice a year Dior would put on a haute-couture show, one in January and one in August, and every time he showed his new collection over 2,500 people would turn up to see what the new designs looked like (Design Museum n.d). His biggest clients were from North America, where a select number of shops bought the rights to certain designs for the clothes, which were then made by their own seamstresses (Design Museum n.d). There was a large amount of clothing stores that wanted to be able to sell Diors clothes but as they were discount stores they would not be able to sell them to their clientele as the price was so high (Design Museum n.d). So Dior said to them that if they attended his fashion shows and bought a range of his clothes and outfits they could copy them and sell them at cheaper prices (Design Museum n.d). This was the start of the knock-off range of his designs (Design Museum n.d). The reason that he was so popular in North America was due to Harpers Bazaar editor, Carmel Snow. If she had not attended his first fashion show and written about him then it would have taken him a lot longer to reach the American and Canadian market (Cawthorne 1996:109). The house of Dior was very important to France and particularly Paris at that time; in some respects it put France to the foreground of fashion once again. Chapter 2: The New Look; Branding and Marketing On the 12th of February 1947 Dior presented his first collection from his fashion house to French society. It was called Corolla, after a coil of leaves and petals on a flower. It has always been Diors aim to make women feminine and more flower like, and his first collection epitomised this (Cawthorne 1996:109). At the time, just three years after Paris was liberated, women were still wearing unflattering, practical and sometimes even masculine clothing. This was to save money and fabric during this hard time when most of Europe was still using rationing. At the time of production the New Look was a completely radical clothing range. It was made to make women look and feel more feminine and curvy. Christian Dior wanted women to look like women and give them back their natural shape (Cawthorne 1996:111). The New Look was an exaggeration on the number eight, with accentuated hips, small, narrow waist and an underlined bust. A typical skirt in this line required on average 25 yards of fabric and around 200 hours of labour to complete (Cawthorne 1996:111). At a time when France was nearly bankrupt it was seen as outrageous that Dior would use such large amounts of material. The Americans in particular thought that it was unpatriotic to use large amounts of material for dresses when it could be used for other things (Cawthorne 1996:110). There were, however, people who liked the fact that Dior was being extravagant as it showed the French people that the war was really over and that people could start living again(Cawthorne 1996:110). His clothes were everything that women wanted. Men thought that women should start dressing more feminine, they were fed up with seeing them wearing mens clothing or military uniforms. They thought that Diors designs were ideal for making women look like wo men (Cawthorne 1996). Appendix one is evidence of the exaggerated number eight. This is a picture of the Bar Suit from the Corolla range. The fact that Diors range of clothes were so feminine made them stand out from the rest of the clothes that were on offer at the time, the added curves made women feel special and more womanly. Along with this feeling the Dior house took the opportunity to express the feeling of happiness and freedom after the war; people were able to start living again. This became a crucial part of the Christian Dior brand. The way that Dior designed his clothes took a lot of hidden expertise (Cawthorne 1996:111). To get the very womanly, curvy figure that he wanted to give women there were hidden pieces of material within the dresses (Cawthorne 1996:111). Some people criticised Dior. They claimed that he was giving a false interpretation of women, that without the added padding in the dresses they would not look like they should; women did not generally have the figure that these dresses created (Cawthorne 1996:111). To create the look, Dior designed the dresses to have a corset made from whale bones. The reason for the boning in the corset was that it needed to be moulded to the customers shape (Cawthorne 1996:111). It was also necessary to wear padding for the hips and a padded bra when wearing these clothes (Cawthorne 1996:111). It would take two or three fittings for the outfit to be completed but when it was done, it would fit like a glove (Cawthorne 1996:111) It could have turned out to be a big problem in that women might not want to buy clothes where you have to wear a lot of extra padding, but as it turned out the need for feminine clothing was so great that people bought them, no matter what they had to endure to achieve this (Cawthorne 1996:111). At this time you could not buy a ready to wear Dior piece, you had to have it made for you, similar to Haute Couture today. There were a lot of protests about the New Look; one of the biggest protests in France was in Paris where the protesters were shouting 40 000 francs for a dress and our children have no milk (Cawthorne 1996:115). This attitude was adopted in other parts of the world. In Britain, designers were asked to ignore the style; this was due to the amount of clothes that could be made from the extra fabric that would have been used (Cawthorne 1996:115). If British designers had adopted the New Look then there would have been close to a million items of clothing not made (Cawthorne 1996:115). The government nearly created a new law on the length of skirts to make sure that they would not be long, like the style of Dior where some of the skirts would reach the ankles (Cawthorne 1996:115). The reaction was so strong that when Dior went to America people shouted at him, down with the New Look and burn Christian Dior (Cawthorne 1996:117). He was not surprised and stuck to his feelings that women should be able to dress femininely if they wanted. He even said that he loved to see his dresses being copied so that women who did not have a lot of money could have a dress that had been designed by Dior (Cawthorne 1996:117). Despite all the protests and complaints the New Look was an incredible success. It accounted for 75 percent of fashion exports from France in 1947, which was a big achievement considering the conditions of the world at the time (Cawthorne 1996). As soon as the New Look was presented to society it was automatically branded as luxury. The main reasons for this were the price, clientele and the amount of work that went into producing the clothes. As time went on the Christian Dior house decided to branch out into other brands. There was the Christian Dior Femme line, a hosiery line, a fur subsidiary and a perfume line (Design Museum n.d). Diors range of products were out of the price range of the working class public. You had to be either rich or a member of aristocracy to be able to afford products from any Dior range. The only affordable products would have been a bottle of perfume or a pair of stockings or tights. However these would have been difficult to afford during the times of rationing. During the forties and fifties not many shops outside Paris stocked Diors products which made it difficult for people to easily buy Diors merchandise. If you lived outside of Paris travel would have been long and arduous so you would have had to go with the mentality that you were going to buy something, not just to browse. When the advertising for this brand began it was quite difficult for Dior to rely on the articles in newspapers and magazines, due to the strikes (Cawthorne 1996:109). He also had to wait for the word of mouth in America; the editor of Harpers Bazaar could only do so much. At the time of the New Look the perception of women was that they did not work and that their job was to stay at home, raise the children and make sure that the house was run properly. However the women in the aristocracy did not have to worry about these things, they did not have to clean their houses or cook, as they would normally have had a maid and a cook to do these things for them. This is why Dior and his team aimed and marketed the clothes from the New Look at these women. They could wear them without having to worry about the practicalities of them, they would not have to worry about getting them marked when they were cleaning or cooking. In 1947 the protests in Paris and other countries were reported on the news, bringing the name of Dior and his designs to the attention of people whom it would have taken a lot longer to reach through advertising alone. In some ways the people who were protesting may have been better if they had not protested because then the rest of the world would probably not have heard as much about the designs or about Dior himself. Letting people produce his designs at cheaper prices or making knock-offs showed that this was Diors way of reaching the rest of the public (Design Museum n.d). He liked and sometimes encouraged people to make cheaper versions of his clothes; this was a way of making him happy, just like he wanted the people that were wearing them to be happy about their choice and their shape (Design Museum n.d). The haute couture side of Dior was important for the label. It brought in a lot of revenue as the dresses and other clothes that were made in that line were very expensive and took a lot of time to create. Once again you would not be able to buy these clothes if you did not have a lot of money as they were expensive, even by higher societys standards. It was important for Dior to be able to prove that the times were changing and that clothes needed to change with them. He accomplished this with his range of clothes from the New Look. The branding and marketing were quite simplistic in those days. However they always managed to put across the point that they wanted to prove. Chapter 3: John Galliano and His Influence on Christian Dior John Galliano was born in Gibraltar in 1960. His real name is Juan Carlos Antonio Galliano Guillen and he moved to London when he was six (Design Museum n.d). After leaving school he attended the prestigious art school in London, Central Saint Martins (Design Museum n.d). His first collection was inspired by a play, for which he was a dresser and when Joan Burstein, the owner of fashion boutique Browns saw this she stocked his collection, which quickly sold out (Design Museum n.d). Even though he had attracted publicity and hype, when he tried to start his own business two backers pulled out (Design Museum n.d). Due to this in the 1990s he moved to Paris, where he met American Vogue Editor-in-Chief, Anna Wintour, who used her influence to introduce him to a sound financial backer, and she also found him a venue for his first show (Design Museum n.d). He managed to assemble 17 outfits, all of which were in black because bolts of black fabric were all that he could afford, and he secured the services of top international models, such as, Kate Moss and Naomi Campbell, who modelled his designs as a favour to him rather than being paid (Design Museum n.d). His show was a success and it proved to the fashion world that he was a great and very influential designer. Galliano was grateful to Anna Wintour for the opportunities that she created and she was influential in launching his designs in America. After the success of his latest fashion show, Chairman of the conglomerate LVMH (Moà «t Hennessy -Louis Vuitton) Bernard Arnault, had noticed the brilliance of Galliano and in 1995 very daringly decided to appoint Galliano as head designer for Givenchy (Design Museum n.d). However a year later Alexander McQueen took his place. This gave Galliano the opportunity to move onto the bigger fashion house of Dior. Dior was an internationally renowned company (Design Museum n.d). In 1996 when John Galliano was appointed the head designer of the Christian Dior fashion house the designs took on a new direction. Galliano is quoted as saying I wanted to turn couture on its head (Galliano n.d). This is evident throughout his collections. Appendix two is an example of this. The dress in this picture is the dress that he was talking about when he said that he wanted to change couture (Dior n.d.). When Galliano first started working for Dior after Giancarlo Ferre the previous designer, left, it was almost as if the fashion house was starting to stagnate. It was mainly concentrating on the womens clothing range and there was not much emphasis put on the advertising of perfumes and other products. It needed to be brought into modern times. Arnault had made the right decision in hiring Galliano for this role because he was a younger designer. He was fifteen years younger than Ferre and six years younger than Dior when he presented his first collection. This brought lots of positive aspects to Dior. Having a younger designer enabled him to know what the target group desired. However he had to be careful not to alienate the traditional clientele. Instead of having the designs that they were used to they would have found that he was a designer who had very different ideas from that of his predecessor. This gave the brand of Dior the wakeup call that it needed so that once again Dior became a leading fashion house. Galliano is famous for his radical and sometimes over the top creations and designs, and this was what was needed at the time. When he arrived at the fashion house he breathed new life and inspiration into the company. It appears that he takes inspiration from a lot of his surroundings and especially from the surrealist works of the artists Salvador Dali and Jean Cocteau (Frankel 2001:172). This is an important fact. Instead of being very conservative he has brought an aspect of surrealism to the designs. The clothing no longer has the curvy aspects to the designs, although in later designs there are a few influences from the New Look with very small waists and long skirts. There are a lot of colours that are used in the new designs. They are a lot more vivid than before and they stand out from the rest of the designers in the fashion industry. Gallianos first dress he designed for Dior is a perfect example of this. It is a bright pink dress cut on the bias and therefore very close to the body. This just shows how different Galliano is in comparison with Diors early work (Dior n.d). The amount of detailing that goes into a Galliano couture piece is very intricate; Dior employees are very skilled and talented. They hand stitch, hand bead or embroider a large number of the dresses (Dior n.d). Some might say that he has created a new New Look (Dior n.d). It shows how much more energy there is in the fashion house now. The fashion shows are a very important part of any designers collections. Gallianos always appear to have a theme running through them and are normally quite theatrical. For example in his Autumn/Winter haute couture collection for 2010 there is a definite equestrian theme and the fashion show is made more dramatic by the music that is being played, at the beginning there are sounds of horses hooves (Dior n.d). This is typical of the Galliano influence on the shows (Dior n.d). Once again it emphasises how much Galliano has brought to Dior. The fashion house of Dior had never had shows like it before. There are many positive views to this; free publicity is the main benefit. When people start talking about the shows it intrigues others to find out more about the new Dior collection. However Galliano has been careful to find a fine balance between the theatrics, drawing the attention away from what the show is all about the new designs. It has come to be expected of a Galliano for Dior fashion show, the eccentric shows match the eccentric designs and designer. In Gallianos Spring/Summer collection in 1999 the main theme running through the clothes and fashion shows was surrealism (Frankel 2001:172). He is quoted as saying as Dali and Cocteau understood it, with wit but always romantic (Frankel 2001:172). The clothes definitely have a romantic style to them, but there is also an element of fun in the clothes and in the way photos from the collection have been taken. Although this one collection has been centred around surrealism there always seems to be an aspect of it in all the work he has created. The ready-to-wear clothing line has been emphasised a lot since Galliano has been head designer. It is an important change for Dior, most customers are unwilling to wait to buy their clothes anymore and will not spend the time to have the clothes fitted and made for them. They want to buy the clothes and take them home with them. Galliano has picked up on this and made the collection a very big part of the house of Dior. These clothes may not be as exclusive as the clothes in the haute couture lines but the Galliano influence is very easy for people to see. Since he started at Dior he has been creating designs that have, on occasion, shocked the fashion industry. When there is a new collection at his flagship store in Paris the queues of people waiting to view it normally stretch down the Avenue Montaigne (Design Museum n.d.). He has an ambition to go down in history as one of the best designers in the world, and it seems he will succeed in his mission. Chapter 4: Branding and Marketing in the Present Day Even after Galliano joined Christian Dior, it was still perceived as a luxury brand. The products however are much more diverse than before. Although Diors products are still classed as luxury there are now more items that can be afforded by a wider range of people. These lines include; sunglasses, watches, perfume and purses. The Dior products are likely to be more expensive than the equivalent high street items. However, the fact that they have Diors brand on them appeals to more people. When you buy a product with a brand name on the general thought is that you are purchasing products perceived to be of a much higher quality than the general high street ranges. The fact that they are not normally found in all high street chains and are produced to a higher quality makes people think that the product they are buying is worth spending the extra money on. When Galliano was appointed head designer it was evident to him that the whole brand needed to be brought up to date. Until then the Christian Dior fashion house had always been known as Christian Dior. When it was rebranded it became known as just Dior (Okonkwo 2007:109). This was done to make the brand as a whole more modern and to keep up with the new direction that Galliano was taking the brand. However the company name remains unchanged, it is still known as Christian Dior Couture (Okonkwo 2007:109). With a new brand name the range of products needed to be modernised. The house of Dior did not want to be associated with old fashioned designs and products. There was a need for the Dior brand to reach a larger number of the public. For example the Dior perfumes are available in most beauty stores and are around the same price as other luxury branded fragrances. The beauty range is a very popular segment in the new brand but it can still be sold at a premium price against other makeup ranges. However if people believe in the quality of the product they will be prepared to pay higher prices. It is very important for a luxury brand such as Dior, to be able to produce a range of products that do not ignore other market segments. Producing the beauty line along with watches and eyewear enable them to reach a wider spectrum of customers. The beauty products are an extremely important line because they enable everyone to have the chance to buy a designer product and therefore Dior is capturing a larger share of the market. This is reflected in the fact that LVMHs perfume and beauty products sell to a larger share of the market because this year in their first quarter they have increased their sales by 12%. In perfume, where LVMH sells Christian Dior and Guerlain fragrances, sales were up 12% (The Guardian 2010) LVMH have put a lot of time and resources into re-launching the Dior fragrance range which has led to an improvement in sales. This proves how much Dior relies on the sales of their mass market products, as shown in figure 1. In Perfumes Cosmetics, organic revenue growth stood at 12% in the first quarter of 2010. Christian Dior benefited from the strong dynamic of its perfumes with, in particular, the growth of Fahrenheit and of Miss Dior Chà ©rie. A new skincare product, Capture Totale One Essential, had an immense success, while the new mascara, DiorShow Extase is having a very promising start. Guerlain successfully rolled out its new Idylle perfume and Givenchy saw strong growth thanks to the progress of its Play line. Benefit and Make Up For Ever continued their international development. Taking into account the uncertainty of the strength of the economic recovery, LVMH will continue to concentrate all of its efforts on the development of its formidable brands while maintaining strict cost management and selective investments. The Group will rely on the strength of its brands, the responsiveness of its organization, the diversification of its businesses and the good geographical balance of its revenue to increase, once again in 2010, its leadership of the global luxury industry. These two tables are evidence of the increased growth of the perfume and cosmetics of Dior. It has contributed to a 12% increase in sales, even throughout the economic crisis. In the present day most luxury brands have five common lines of their products (Okonkwo 2007:130). They are fashion, perfume and cosmetics, watches and jewellery, eyewear and other. The fashion line includes haute couture, ready-to-wear and leather goods. The first four lines are very standard for all luxury brands, Dior included (Okonkwo 2007:130). The other section is the only section to have been added in the past few years. The products under this section include stationery, gift items, products to decorate your house and hair accessories (Okonkwo 2007:130). Not all luxury brands have the other section under their brand name. Dior does not produce all of these products in their other section. The one main change that the majority of luxury brands have gone through is the introduction of online retailing (Okonkwo 2007:211). This was not necessarily Galliano who decided to do this, it was more due to the changing times, but it was necessary to show that Dior is an easily accessible brand and that people from all over the world could buy a product from the Dior.com website. According to Uche Okonk

Sustainable Development Essay -- Politics, Modern Culture, Huaorani

Sustainable development, when applied to the development of a system, creates complexity for the stakeholders involved in and affected by that development. To delve this complexity, solid definitions must be proposed for development and sustainable development in order for a framework to be established through which these complexities can be understood. Furthermore, these definitions are necessary evils for explorations of the intricacies of sustainable development due to the various paradigms used to define â€Å"development† and â€Å"sustainable development.† One definition of development, and the one that will be utilized within this report, is the, â€Å"utilizing resources to advance the complexity of a whole society.† From this, a definition of sustainable development can be expressed as, â€Å"a modus operandi for development which ensures that the cost to environment and to any individual human being from development is equally compensated.† This definition allows for a unification of the drive to develop with those who lose from any form of development; thus, it can be renamed â€Å"ideal development.† As is beautifully exemplified in the case of the Ecuadorian tribe the Huaorani, socio-political and economic factors allow for them to feel the benefit of sustainable development, but at the cost of the environment. Nevertheless, the problem still remains of what â€Å"modus operandi† should be adopted for dealing with development. As will become clear from an analysis of how the Huaorani tribe interacted with oil conglomerates, the utilitarian solution is the most viable solution because it ensures that the society conducting the development, and thus the large population of people encapsulated within that society, reap the benefits that created inter... ...want to choose harvesting the oil instead of this plan because the state would be able to directly benefit economically and not be tied to private sector investments. Thus, the state’s push to harvest the oil would most likely destroy the biodiversity of the planet, thus making sustainable development, as previously defined, difficult to acquire due to economic pressures. From this analysis, it can be concluded that selling the land allows for sustainable development from the perspective of the tribes and Ecuador as a whole, but does not allow for sustainable development in relation to the environment. Furthermore, this analysis highlights the pivotal role of money in determining sustainable development in that money, as is exemplified here, has the ability to transcend ethical dilemmas through the opportunities it opens up for those who are receiving it.